Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects both children and adults, characterized by patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. These symptoms can lead to significant challenges in academic, occupational, and social settings. The condition is one of the most common mental disorders among children, though it often persists into adulthood. Inattention in individuals with ADHD can manifest as difficulty sustaining focus on tasks, frequent careless mistakes, and a tendency to be easily distracted. Hyperactivity may present as an inability to stay still, excessive fidgeting, or talking excessively. Impulsivity is often seen in hasty actions without forethought, such as interrupting others or making decisions without considering long-term consequences.
The exact cause of ADHD is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors. Family studies suggest a strong hereditary component, with a higher prevalence of ADHD among first-degree relatives of individuals with the disorder. Environmental factors, such as prenatal exposure to tobacco, alcohol, and lead, as well as low birth weight and prematurity, have also been associated with an increased risk of developing ADHD. Neuroimaging studies have shown differences in the brain structure and function of individuals with ADHD. These differences are particularly evident in regions of the brain associated with attention, impulse control, and executive function, including the prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum.
